pratyakshānumānāgamāh pramānāni

Direct perception, inference, and reliable testimony are the sources of valid knowledge.

Valid knowledge (pramāna) is the first of the five categories of mental activity (all of which are named in sūtra 1.6). So, what ways of knowing are considered valid? Three are given. Something can be personally experienced via the senses (direct perception, pratyaksha). It can be reliably deduced or logically determined from other factors (inference, anumāna). Or, it can come from a competent authority or source, spiritual or secular (testimony, āgama).

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